A new study indicates that the first 45 words an officer says after initiating a routine traffic stop involving a Black driver signals how that encounter will likely go.

According to the study conducted by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, traffic stops by officers that end with the handcuffing, arrest, or search of the driver’s vehicle or person, are almost three times more likely to be the result of an officer issuing a verbal command, such as “Keep your hands on the wheel.”

The study examined 577 police body-camera videos of officers conducting routine traffic stops that involved a Black driver. It found that encounters with officers who provided the driver with a reason for the stop were less likely to escalate. But 81 of those stops involved a search, handcuffing, or arrest of the driver.

More of the findings in the study can be found here.